{
  "id": "nasca-palpa-geoglyphs",
  "title": "Nasca and Palpa: a landscape drawn over generations",
  "country": "Peru",
  "category": "objet",
  "date": "1994-01-01",
  "date_label": "1994 heritage-inscription anchor; the geoglyphs belong to several ancient phases",
  "location": "Nasca–Palpa desert, Ica Region",
  "lat": -14.726,
  "lng": -75.149,
  "summary": "Large figures and lines were created in a desert landscape over a long period. Their physical construction and their possible meanings are different archaeological questions.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "NP1",
      "title": "UNESCO — Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa",
      "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/700",
      "language": "en",
      "note": "Construction, phases, cultural interpretation and protection context.",
      "kind": "Source record · see provenance note"
    }
  ],
  "author": "Eklipsis",
  "content_languages": [
    "en"
  ],
  "path": "/investigations/nasca-palpa-geoglyphs",
  "source_url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/700",
  "location_source_url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=-14.726&mlon=-75.149#map=8/-14.726/-75.149",
  "location_precision": "region",
  "location_note": "Approximate orientation marker for the named place or institution; not a surveyed observation point, protected excavation coordinate or recommended access route.",
  "reviewed_on": "2026-09-30",
  "edition": 1,
  "truth_type": "unknown",
  "verdict": "The construction method and human authorship are supported. The meaning of particular figures and line networks remains an interpretive question. A spectacular aerial view does not establish aircraft use or non-human design.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "title": "Documented account",
      "text": "UNESCO describes representational and geometric geoglyphs made by removing darker surface material to expose lighter ground. Its account distinguishes phases associated with Paracas and Nasca and discusses ritual and social significance. These works are a human cultural landscape, not merely an unexplained set of marks that can only be understood from an aircraft.",
      "refs": [
        "NP1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Evidence and its limits",
      "text": "The point represents a large protected area, not permission to walk on a figure. Different forms need not share one date or function. A proposed astronomical alignment should not be inferred solely by selecting a few favourable lines from a very large set.",
      "refs": []
    },
    {
      "title": "Inspector’s assessment",
      "text": "The construction method and human authorship are supported. The meaning of particular figures and line networks remains an interpretive question. A spectacular aerial view does not establish aircraft use or non-human design.",
      "refs": []
    },
    {
      "title": "A reproducible next investigation",
      "text": "Index each studied figure by context, phase and preservation state. Compare a proposed use against the full set of available orientations and routes. Record negative matches as well as positive ones, and retain the limits of dating material associated with a line rather than the line itself.",
      "refs": []
    }
  ],
  "timeline": [
    {
      "date": "Ancient formative and regional phases",
      "text": "Different geoglyph groups are produced over a long interval.",
      "refs": [
        "NP1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "1941 onward",
      "text": "UNESCO’s account describes organised research and conservation.",
      "refs": [
        "NP1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "1994",
      "text": "The landscape enters the World Heritage List.",
      "refs": [
        "NP1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "30 September 2026",
      "text": "Eklipsis prepares this source-linked documentary synthesis. This is editorial review, not historical fieldwork.",
      "refs": []
    }
  ],
  "claims": [
    {
      "text": "Large figures and lines were created in a desert landscape over a long period. Their physical construction and their possible meanings are different archaeological questions.",
      "status": "Documented subject; interpretations qualified in the dossier",
      "refs": [
        "NP1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "text": "The construction method and human authorship are supported. The meaning of particular figures and line networks remains an interpretive question. A spectacular aerial view does not establish aircraft use or non-human design.",
      "status": "Assessment with explicit limits",
      "refs": [
        "NP1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "text": "The map point represents the exact location of every reported event.",
      "status": "Incorrect; orientation only",
      "refs": []
    }
  ],
  "hypotheses": [
    {
      "title": "Ritual and social landscape use",
      "status": "Archaeological interpretation",
      "support": "Repeated construction and routes support collective activity.",
      "limits": "A single function need not apply to every figure.",
      "test": "Compare phases and spatial connections with other dated evidence."
    },
    {
      "title": "Specific astronomical alignments",
      "status": "Hypothesis needing controls",
      "support": "Some orientations can be compared with the sky.",
      "limits": "Selecting favourable matches can create false patterns.",
      "test": "Predeclare targets and compare with the entire orientation distribution."
    }
  ],
  "tasks": [
    {
      "title": "Audit the source record",
      "body": "Retrieve the named records for Nasca and Palpa: a landscape drawn over generations. Record author, edition, page or section and access date. Treat a catalogue, mirror or translation of one document as the same evidence, not independent corroboration."
    },
    {
      "title": "Build the dated evidence ledger",
      "body": "Index each studied figure by context, phase and preservation state. Compare a proposed use against the full set of available orientations and routes. Record negative matches as well as positive ones, and retain the limits of dating material associated with a line rather than the line itself."
    },
    {
      "title": "Test the interpretation",
      "body": "Compare phases and spatial connections with other dated evidence. Predeclare targets and compare with the entire orientation distribution. Record what would favour or weaken each explanation; leave unperformed work marked as proposed."
    }
  ]
}