{
  "country_code": "BJ",
  "id": "ketu-gelede-mothers-power",
  "title": "Ketu's Gelede: the powers attributed to the mothers",
  "category": "rituel",
  "date": "1991-01-01",
  "date_label": "Year of the museum bulletin; the tradition predates this publication",
  "location": "Ketu region, Benin",
  "lat": 7.36,
  "lng": 2.6,
  "summary": "A mask with snakes overcoming a spiny animal expresses powers attributed to elderly women. The investigation follows the image and its ritual interpretation.",
  "documented_claim": "The museum records a Beninese Gelede mask and interprets its snake scene through powers attributed to the mothers.",
  "unproven_claim": "The carving or UNESCO recognition proves supernatural control over health or harvests.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Metropolitan Museum — Recent Acquisitions 1990–1991, Gelede mask 1990.336",
      "url": "https://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Recent_Acquisitions_A_Selection_1990_1991_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_Bulletin_v_49_no_2_Fall_1991.pdf",
      "language": "English",
      "kind": "Primary museum catalogue",
      "note": "Specific Beninese object and attributed symbolic interpretation.",
      "id": "S1",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-30"
    },
    {
      "title": "UNESCO — Oral heritage of Gelede",
      "url": "https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/oral-heritage-of-gelede-00002",
      "language": "English",
      "kind": "Institutional tradition record",
      "note": "Multinational tradition; recognition concerns cultural heritage, not verification of spiritual powers.",
      "id": "S2",
      "accessed_on": "2026-09-30"
    }
  ],
  "country": "Benin",
  "author": "Eklipsis",
  "content_languages": [
    "en"
  ],
  "path": "/investigations/ketu-gelede-mothers-power",
  "source_url": "https://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Recent_Acquisitions_A_Selection_1990_1991_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_Bulletin_v_49_no_2_Fall_1991.pdf",
  "location_precision": "region",
  "location_note": "Approximate orientation marker for the named locality, not an exact encounter, burial, ritual or excavation position.",
  "location_source_url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=7.36&mlon=2.6#map=8/7.36/2.6",
  "reviewed_on": "2026-09-30",
  "edition": 1,
  "truth_type": "unknown",
  "verdict": "The mask and ritual tradition are documented. Supernatural powers remain attributed beliefs, while local interpretation and changes through collection and tourism are researchable.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "title": "The mystery and the documented account",
      "text": "The Metropolitan Museum's 1991 bulletin describes a twentieth-century Beninese Gelede mask, accession 1990.336. Two snakes attack an animal interpreted as a porcupine; the museum reads the scene through powers attributed to the mothers honored in Gelede. UNESCO describes a Yoruba-Nago tradition shared across Benin, Nigeria and Togo, combining masks, song, satire and tribute to Iyà Nlà. The tangible carving and public performance provide evidence of how power is represented, rather than a demonstration that the represented powers operate physically.",
      "refs": [
        "S1",
        "S2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "The question worth investigating",
      "text": "How closely does the museum's reading match meanings expressed by Ketu makers and performers? Which interpretation belongs to this mask, and which is a broader account of Gelede?",
      "refs": []
    },
    {
      "title": "Evidence, provenance and uncertainty",
      "text": "The animal identification and symbolic reading are curatorial interpretations. A collection label cannot represent every performer. The multinational tradition is assigned here through its documented Ketu association, without making it exclusively Beninese.",
      "refs": [
        "S1",
        "S2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Inspector’s assessment",
      "text": "The mask and ritual tradition are documented. Supernatural powers remain attributed beliefs, while local interpretation and changes through collection and tourism are researchable.",
      "refs": []
    },
    {
      "title": "Next research and discriminating evidence",
      "text": "Compare the accession record, documented imagery and attributed performer explanations. Track translations of motherhood and spiritual power. Separate a specific mask's provenance from generalized explanations of the tradition.",
      "refs": []
    }
  ],
  "timeline": [
    {
      "date": "Twentieth century",
      "text": "The museum dates the mask to this period.",
      "refs": [
        "S1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "1990–1991",
      "text": "The accession and bulletin document the museum object.",
      "refs": [
        "S1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "2001 / 2008",
      "text": "UNESCO records proclamation and later Representative List inscription.",
      "refs": [
        "S2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "30 September 2026",
      "text": "Eklipsis compiles this English documentary investigation from the named sources. No field visit or new eyewitness interview is claimed.",
      "refs": []
    }
  ],
  "claims": [
    {
      "text": "The museum records a Beninese Gelede mask and interprets its snake scene through powers attributed to the mothers.",
      "status": "Documented in the named record",
      "refs": [
        "S1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "text": "The carving or UNESCO recognition proves supernatural control over health or harvests.",
      "status": "Not established by the selected evidence",
      "refs": [
        "S1",
        "S2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "text": "The mask and ritual tradition are documented. Supernatural powers remain attributed beliefs, while local interpretation and changes through collection and tourism are researchable.",
      "status": "Editorial assessment; stated limits apply",
      "refs": []
    }
  ],
  "hypotheses": [
    {
      "title": "Animal imagery as a statement about social and spiritual authority",
      "status": "Published curatorial reading",
      "support": "The bulletin links the scene to honoring the mothers.",
      "limits": "Maker testimony for this specific carving is not supplied.",
      "test": "Compare attributed interpretations and analogous documented masks."
    },
    {
      "title": "Meaning reshaped through performance and museum display",
      "status": "Transmission hypothesis",
      "support": "UNESCO describes satire and changing public presentation.",
      "limits": "Change does not erase participants' religious meanings.",
      "test": "Compare performance contexts with the static collection description."
    }
  ],
  "tasks": [
    {
      "title": "Trace the earliest accessible record",
      "body": "For Ketu's Gelede: the powers attributed to the mothers, record author or storyteller, collection date, language, translation, page and exact scope. Distinguish evidence of a story being told from evidence of its events. Note which full documents remain unavailable."
    },
    {
      "title": "Investigate the central question",
      "body": "Compare the accession record, documented imagery and attributed performer explanations. Track translations of motherhood and spiritual power. Separate a specific mask's provenance from generalized explanations of the tradition."
    },
    {
      "title": "Compare explanations without merging evidence",
      "body": "Compare attributed interpretations and analogous documented masks. Compare performance contexts with the static collection description. Preserve contradictions and unsuccessful searches; proposed work remains unperformed."
    }
  ]
}