{
  "id": "dutch-near-death-study-2001",
  "title": "The Dutch near-death study: experiences and limits of inference",
  "country": "Netherlands",
  "category": "psychique",
  "date": "2001-12-15",
  "date_label": "15 December 2001 publication; interviews occurred during the study period",
  "location": "Arnhem — coordinating hospital reference",
  "lat": 51.987,
  "lng": 5.911,
  "summary": "A prospective study recorded experiences reported by cardiac-arrest survivors. The reports are research data, while an explanation of consciousness requires separate evidence.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "D1",
      "title": "PubMed — Dutch prospective near-death study",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11755611/",
      "language": "en",
      "note": "Bibliographic record and abstract of the original study.",
      "kind": "Source record · see provenance note"
    },
    {
      "id": "D2",
      "title": "Study author — original Lancet paper",
      "url": "https://pimvanlommel.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Lancet-artikel-Pim-van-Lommel.pdf",
      "language": "en",
      "note": "Author-hosted copy of the same paper; not a second study.",
      "kind": "Source record · see provenance note"
    }
  ],
  "author": "Eklipsis",
  "content_languages": [
    "en"
  ],
  "path": "/investigations/dutch-near-death-study-2001",
  "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11755611/",
  "location_source_url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=51.987&mlon=5.911#map=8/51.987/5.911",
  "location_precision": "region",
  "location_note": "Approximate orientation marker for the named place or institution; not a surveyed observation point, protected excavation coordinate or recommended access route.",
  "reviewed_on": "2026-09-30",
  "edition": 1,
  "truth_type": "unknown",
  "verdict": "The participants’ reports and the study’s publication are documented. The design does not by itself establish survival of consciousness after irreversible death. Claims of perception independent of brain function require appropriately timed, independently verifiable evidence rather than a stronger description of the same recollection.",
  "sections": [
    {
      "title": "Documented account",
      "text": "Van Lommel and colleagues published a prospective Dutch study in The Lancet in 2001. Its cohort included 344 resuscitated cardiac-arrest patients; 62 reported a near-death experience. The paper examined reported experiences and follow-up outcomes. Recording an experience is different from independently measuring what happened at every moment associated with the recollection.",
      "refs": [
        "D1",
        "D2"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Evidence and its limits",
      "text": "This is a historical research dossier, not medical advice. The Arnhem marker identifies the coordinating affiliation, not all participating hospitals or a participant’s private location. Retrospective recollection within a prospective cohort does not itself provide a timestamp for consciousness.",
      "refs": []
    },
    {
      "title": "Inspector’s assessment",
      "text": "The participants’ reports and the study’s publication are documented. The design does not by itself establish survival of consciousness after irreversible death. Claims of perception independent of brain function require appropriately timed, independently verifiable evidence rather than a stronger description of the same recollection.",
      "refs": []
    },
    {
      "title": "A reproducible next investigation",
      "text": "Extract recruitment, interview timing, missing data and follow-up losses from the paper. Keep the operational definition of an experience visible. Compare competing explanations only against outcomes the study actually measured; record which propositions were not tested.",
      "refs": []
    }
  ],
  "timeline": [
    {
      "date": "Study recruitment period",
      "text": "A prospective cohort is assembled in Dutch hospitals.",
      "refs": [
        "D1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "Initial and follow-up interviews",
      "text": "Reported experiences and later changes are recorded.",
      "refs": [
        "D1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "15 December 2001",
      "text": "The study appears in The Lancet.",
      "refs": [
        "D1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "date": "30 September 2026",
      "text": "Eklipsis prepares this source-linked documentary synthesis. This is editorial review, not historical fieldwork.",
      "refs": []
    }
  ],
  "claims": [
    {
      "text": "A prospective study recorded experiences reported by cardiac-arrest survivors. The reports are research data, while an explanation of consciousness requires separate evidence.",
      "status": "Documented subject; interpretations qualified in the dossier",
      "refs": [
        "D1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "text": "The participants’ reports and the study’s publication are documented. The design does not by itself establish survival of consciousness after irreversible death. Claims of perception independent of brain function require appropriately timed, independently verifiable evidence rather than a stronger description of the same recollection.",
      "status": "Assessment with explicit limits",
      "refs": [
        "D1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "text": "The map point represents the exact location of every reported event.",
      "status": "Incorrect; orientation only",
      "refs": []
    }
  ],
  "hypotheses": [
    {
      "title": "Psychological and physiological processes",
      "status": "Candidate explanatory class",
      "support": "Reported experiences can be studied as human experiences.",
      "limits": "This cohort alone cannot identify every underlying mechanism.",
      "test": "Specify predictions and obtain independently timed observations."
    },
    {
      "title": "Consciousness independent of ordinary brain processes",
      "status": "Not established by the cohort",
      "support": "Some interpretations extend beyond the descriptive results.",
      "limits": "The reported recollection is not a direct measurement of that proposition.",
      "test": "Require predeclared targets, timing and independent verification."
    }
  ],
  "tasks": [
    {
      "title": "Audit the source record",
      "body": "Retrieve the named records for The Dutch near-death study: experiences and limits of inference. Record author, edition, page or section and access date. Treat a catalogue, mirror or translation of one document as the same evidence, not independent corroboration."
    },
    {
      "title": "Build the dated evidence ledger",
      "body": "Extract recruitment, interview timing, missing data and follow-up losses from the paper. Keep the operational definition of an experience visible. Compare competing explanations only against outcomes the study actually measured; record which propositions were not tested."
    },
    {
      "title": "Test the interpretation",
      "body": "Specify predictions and obtain independently timed observations. Require predeclared targets, timing and independent verification. Record what would favour or weaken each explanation; leave unperformed work marked as proposed."
    }
  ]
}